A Rebuttal to Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Essay

On the off chance that there’s one thing that would make the exceptionally strict individual rankled, that one thing would most likely be the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin. A serious rough supposition however somewhat evident in any case.  â â â â â â â â â â Religion, as a social establishment, determines quite a bit of its establishments on a few direction; the most significant being the Theory of Creationism. Under this hypothesis (or conviction?), mankind, the universe and life as a rule were completely made in their unique structure by an Almighty Being or by an Inevitable Force. For the most part, this alludes to the god or divinities of a certain commune’s strict convictions.  â â â â â â â â â â The Theory of Evolution, then again, forecasts that humankind, or life itself, rose through a progression of preliminary and mistakes wherein the fittest species among all others developed triumphant over nature’s anarchic character. The possibility of a specific animal â€Å"branching off† from its unique species to create an alternate sort of breed is the thing that the Theory of Evolution calls Natural Selection. By Natural Selection, the hypothesis clarifies that specific interesting highlights or potentially qualities controlled by a chosen few would unavoidably permit them/it to have a higher possibility of endurance against the individuals who do have none of similar highlights and additionally attributes. For example, accept that a types of winged creatures uncannily produce a hatchling that have a preferably bigger and longer bill over its unique partners. By having this component, the winged creature is presently ready to get and eat more food when contrasted with different flying creatures of similar species that have shorter and littler (something else, â€Å"normal†) noses. The hypothesis guarantees that once this exceptional fowl recreates its own hatchlings, the remarkable highlights and attributes it had would in all probability be passed on; subsequently, in the end propagating the possibility of the presentation of an alternate sort of types of winged creatures that have longer and bigger bills. Furthermore, since having longer and bigger snouts empowers these winged creatures (those which have it) to catch, accumulate and eat more food, the normal parity of the natural way of life is consequently moved inconsistent. Being that the winged creatures with the shorter and littler snouts will consistently be outcompeted by the new species with longer and bigger bills, the first species (in any case, â€Å"old†) will presumably wind up being terminated. This thought is additionally upheld by the theory’s most celebrated idea, â€Å"The Survival of the Fittest†. In the least complex sense, the hypothesis expresses that the individuals who are hereditarily â€Å"strong† when contrasted with the others will be the ones who will endure. As applied on account of the winged creatures, it was the recently evolved species which appeared to be the â€Å"fittest† against their unique partners. In that capacity, their endurance was guaranteed; fanning out into a more elevated level of species and dispensing with the somewhat â€Å"weak† species.  â â â â â â â â â â Understanding the Theory of Evolution in its general sense isn't a simple errand. For a certain something, the hypothesis itself is currently including a few various types of assumed realities to help Charles Darwin’s unique hypothesis (presently alluded to as Neo-Darwinism). Besides, its basic standards and theories don't lie alone on science yet in addition on hereditary qualities and others.  â â â â â â â â â â As if understanding the hypothesis is sufficiently difficult, exposing the hypothesis is a significantly harder assignment. Supporters of the Creationist Theory will consistently be enduring an onslaught by the supporters of the Evolutionist Theory. This unimaginable commitment of confidence and conviction towards the Theory of Evolution is viewed as a wonderful marvel like that of Catholicism’s ascend as an overwhelming religion in the late Middle Ages. As it were, the Theory itself, amusingly, is currently turning into a religion from various perspectives. From now on, as hard for what it's worth to expose the Creationist Theory, a similar will presently be in like manner to the Evolutionist Theory.  â â â â â â â â â â Going back to the theory’s starting stages, in any case, it would appear to be somewhat simple to invalidate Charles Darwin’s discoveries. Contrasted with the status of the Theory of Evolution at present, the status of Darwin’s hypothesis previously (as he introduced it) stayed alluring to inquiries of veracity and factuality. For some, however it appeared to be solid, it was likewise contestable.  â â â â â â â â â â First of all, Darwin’s Theory doesn't clarify completely the inference or potentially roots of mankind as concluded from that of primates. Indeed, there are numerous likenesses existing among people and Apes. In any case, the Theory never truly clarified why or how mankind in fact â€Å"branched off† from the first types of primates. Regardless of whether we utilize the thought of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†, none of the pieces despite everything appear to fit.  â â â â â â â â â â For example, let us expect that a gathering of Chimpanzees produce a posterity that is obviously â€Å"smarter† than the remainder of the tribe. Presently, that posterity promptly turns into the â€Å"fittest† among them. All things considered, it would be by one way or another difficult to find that this uncommon primate would imitate a couple all the more particularly shrewd primates that would in the long run start an innate cycle; causing the nearly â€Å"accidental† production of another species. Regardless of whether that by one way or another got conceivable over a course of billions of years, it would at present not clarify how mankind built up a feeling of wearing garments, cook their food and set up a novel dialect that is obviously unique to that of their unique partners. Moreover, some potential clarifications with respect to the loss of substantial hair, the shortening of the mandibles and other such anatomic requests stay being referred to for the hypothesis.  â â â â â â â â â â Second, the improvement of a specific organ was never completely clarified by the incredible man himself. Investigate flying creatures, for example. The advancement of winged animals, from land animals to fowls of the air, is obviously unsupported by the hypothesis. As the hypothesis clarifies, advancement happens extra time through a course of a large number of years. Provided that this is true, how did the advancement of wings advantage the soonest types of feathered creatures? Envision an old â€Å"bird† that began developing little â€Å"wings†. Obviously, since these are little, it can't profit the creature in any capacity other than be a weight. Thusly, the status of â€Å"fittest† is consequently expelled. At last, the species †who were simply beginning to build up their own wings †would’ve become wiped out and lost to the alleged â€Å"survival†. Then again, taking a gander at the image the opposite way around, it appears to be practically inconceivable that a gathering of land animals would abruptly incubate (or conceive an offspring) to a hatchling that normally or quickly have wings †it would just not bode well. For the Theory of Evolution †and the thought of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† †to work, organs and different qualities must be available immediately and not in a nonstop procedure that would take billions of years.  â â â â â â â â â â Finally, the Theory of Evolution never truly clarified how the perplexing advancement of the human brain happened. Exactly how precisely did people build up a feeling of justification? How could they come to have a feeling of magnificence? What about a feeling of choice? On the off chance that people with mental handicaps keep on reproducing for a great many years, would the presence of an interesting race of intellectually crippled people become a chance? How did advancement strike a chord that is so intricate and exhaustive when contrasted with different animals? These are only a portion of the inquiries that genuinely represent an incredible danger to the Theory of Evolution (during Darwin’s time in any event).  â â â â â â â â â â When Charles Darwin introduced his Theory to the Academic Community, the Theory of Evolution was not as solid as it was today. Definitely, it was effectively contestable. Following a few decades, in any case, the Theory picked up such a significant number of supporters that even the Scientific Community now totally sticks to its standards.  â â â â â â â â â â Until the followers of the Theory of Evolution don't discover solid responses to a portion of the inquiries presented over, the hypothesis will perpetually just stay as such †a hypothesis. Thus, the Creationist Theory likewise has a similar difficulty. Plainly, that is one motivation behind why the two speculations †in spite of following a very long while †still keep on fighting each other out for matchless quality (which is amusingly a play on words of the thought â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† itself). Refered to Sources: Campbell, J. A. what's more, Meyer, S. C. (2005) Evolution: Debate it. USA Today December 5, 2007 from <http://www.usatoday.com/news/conclusion/articles/2005-08-14-advancement debate_x.htm> Senior member, C. (2005) Opting Out in the Debate on Evolution. The New York Times December 5, 2007 from <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/21/science/21evo.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin> Futuyma, D. J. (2005). Development. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Scott, E. C. what's more, Branch, G. (2005) Evolution: Just Teach it. USA Today December 5, 2007 from <http://www.usatoday.com/news/conclusion/articles/2005-08-14-advancement teach_x.htm> Smith, J. M. (1993) The Theory of Evolution. Cambridge University Press Weiss, R. what's more, Brown, D. (2005) New Analyses Bolster Central Tenets of Evolution Theory Washington Post December 5, 2007 from <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/25/AR2005092501177.html> Â

Hannibal Essays - Barcids, Roman Censors, Hannibal, Marching

Hannibal Essays - Barcids, Roman Censors, Hannibal, Marching Hannibal Since his fleeting life and awful demise, Hannibal Barca goes over the hundreds of years as the military officer with barely any equivalents. A gutsy pioneer, splendid strategist, and undaunted warrior in the administration of his cherished Carthage, Hannibal existed for one sole reason: to vanquish and, if conceivable, to dispose of the intensity of Rome(Livy p.207). Hannibals fate was at that point picked for him before his own introduction to the world. The main thing that couldnt have been predicted was the result of his battles. His dad Hamilcar Barca, another valiant authority from Carthage, was in control during the principal Punic War. Hannibal was taken to Spain at the youthful period of just nine. There he had to swear antagonistic vibe toward Rome. From his dads passing to his own demise Hannibal was continually associated with a battle among Carthage and Rome. Hannibal was set in the military when his dad felt he was mature enough to begin his overwhelming preparing. He figured out how to deal with arms as handily as any fighter does, and he never requested that his troopers accomplish something that he himself couldn't do. In 221 BC, Hasdrubal was killed, and Hamilcar passed on fighting in 229 BC. The youthful Hannibal was provided his first order, at the age of twenty-six. Hannibal was currently the president, and the Carthaginian government approved his position. He was a splendid popular pioneer structure the beginning. The veterans believed that in Hannibal, Hamilcar had come back to life. They noticed a similar vitality in Hannibals face, a similar sharp look. He was totally bold in going into potential harm, reasonable when it was close by. No measure of work exhausted him, truly or intellectually. He suffered warmth and cold well overall. What time stayed over when his undertakings were done he provided for rest. Commonly the fight ers saw him lying on the ground in the midst of the stations and the gatekeepers, enveloped by a military cloak(Miller et al Livy p.41). Prior to the demise of Hasdrubal, Carthage had arranged a bargain with Rome to set up a line of Demarcation on the Ebro River. This arrangement prompted Hannibals first military activity. Saguntum, which was found well south of the line, turned into the focal point of Roman aspirations. Saguntums pioneers started assaulting close by Cartheginian partners and removing supporters. The city of Saguntum was well inside the Carthaginian impact, however the Romans requested that Carthage not make a move at Sanguntum. Hannibal disregarded Roman requests and chose to make a move on the city. Hannibal sorted out his armed forces and tossed an attack on Saguntum. The city was significantly decreased and Hannibal started his stunning excursion over the Alps. As per H.L. Oerter of Miami University, Hannibals venture, including 40 elephants, over and through the Alps into Italy has never been denied. Yet, there has been no summed up concurrence on the course that he followed. It is realized that two Greek researchers went with Hannibals powers, however their records have never been found. A Roman armed force under the order of General Publius Cornelius Scipio was sent to meet and discard Hannibal, however neglected to go over the extraordinary pioneer. Scipio did at last meet Hannibal at the Ticinus River. The gathering was unplanned. Powers from the two sides met, and the Carthaginians came out of the fight triumphant. Scipio was severely injured and about lost his life. The Romans withdrew to Placentia, where Longus would strengthen them. Battling on the left bank of the Trebia River the Romans were again adequately vanquished. Hannibal progressed to the Arno River by spring. In 217 BC, Hannibal proceeded onward to Perugia and constrained the Roman Flaminius into open battle, at the skirmish of Lake Trasimene. The Carthaginians about obliterated Flaminius, murdering thousands and constraining others to suffocate in the lake. Rome sent fortifications to Flaminius yet Carthage captured and demolished them too. That equivalent year Rome chose Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctators tyrant who embraced the Fabian strategy of deferral. This strategy just permitted little conflicts between the two armed forces. In 216, Hannibal made his move south and held onto the military flexibly station at Cannae on the Aufidus River. Here, in August, The Battle of Cannae was battled. While the Guals and Iberian infantry of Hannibals focus line yielded before the

33 Fun Tax Facts!

33 Fun Tax Facts! 33 Fun Tax Facts! 33 Fun Tax Facts!Now that we’re smack in the middle of tax season, it’s probably time to take a break, right? That’s why we reached out to a group of tax experts and asked them for some of their favorite tax-related facts, tips, and trivia.Fair warning: the list gets kind of weird. Enjoy!“The word “tax” comes from the Latin taxo, which means “I estimate.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.The motto of American colonists who participated in the Boston Tea Party was “no taxation without representation!” Because residents of Washington DC lack voting representation in Congress, their unofficial motto is “taxation without representation.” Don’t believe us? Check the receipts license plates.Uncle Sam wants you to be healthy! If you quit smoking, you can write off any smoking cessation products or programs. Have a life-threatening medical condition like diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease? If a doctor signs off on it, you can write off diet/fitness products, classes, and programs. One person was able to write off the cost of their new pool because it was their form of exercise, as signed off by a doctor. However, if it was for recreational purposes, the IRS wouldnt accept it. â€" Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.“Income tax didnt exist until the Civil War, in 1861, but the tax was actually disbanded in 1872 because it was deemed unconstitutional. It wasnt until 1913 when the constitution was changed, via the 16th amendment, that these taxes were again re-introduced.” Emilee Morehouse, SimpleKeep“There are more words in the tax code than there are in the Bible. The tax code is about 4 million words long.” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ.“The first known taxes were in Sumer (Mesopotamia) almost 5,000 years ago. They were recorded on clay cones and paid in livestock.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.The writing on the Rosetta Stone, a monumentally important artifact and the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, is mostly about taxes.“The IRS was created during World War II and that’s when the government starting withholding taxes from paychecks.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.Al Capone was a famous Chicago mobster. He was eventually brought down by agents from the Treasury Department (this was pre-IRS) who were able to prove that he was avoiding income tax.“The IRS receives more than 130 million tax returns each year. Its surprising that theyre able to keep up! In 2016, Americans spent about 6.1 billion hours and $29.6 billion on tax preparation services and/or tax software like TurboTax and HR Block.” â€" Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.“In the 1st century, the Roman emperor taxed urine. It was collected for the ammonia and use to launder garments and tan hides.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.In 2011, the country of Romania was trying to pull itself out of a steep recession, decided to add a new profession to the country’s labor code, making it subject taxation. The profession? Witchcraft.“During the Great Depression, twelve states collected only fractions of a penny on sales of low-price items. For a product that only costs 10 cents, for example, the tax due was less than a penny. To avoid Americans being overcharged, in a time where that amount could be critical, tokens were generally used with some multiple of 1/10 of a cent.” Susan Petracco, Co-Founder of AccurateTax.comDouble amputees in Oregon get a $50 tax credit. Single amputees? They get bupkus.“The IRS has more people working for it than the Federal Bureau of Investigation!” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ.So-called “sin taxes” are taxes on things like tobacco, gambling and alcohol. Their proper name is “excise taxes.”“Speaking of income tax, if we think taxes are bad now, we should take a gander back to WWII when tax levels rose to 94% for wealthy Americans. Talk about burning through your (very well padded) paychecks!” Emilee Morehouse, SimpleKeepUp until President Trump’s controversial decision to withhold his tax returns, every presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter had released theirs during the campaign.“Get creative with your business expenses. A businessman deducted the cost of beer, a stripper her breast implants, and a work-at-home business owner deducted the costs of his lawn care. If it benefits your business in any way, you can probably write it off.” Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.“Here’s the story about the stripper who deducted her boob job and ended up in tax court. Her name was Cynthia Hess (aka “Chesty Love”) and she originally deducted the surgery as a medical expense as a medical expense. The IRS disallowed it because cosmetic surgery that isn’t to correct a disfigurement or for life-saving purposes is not deductible. The higher court allowed the expense but no t as a medical expense. They allowed it as a bona fide ordinary and necessary business expense.” â€" Bonnie Lee, E.A., Owner of  Taxpertise“In the 1600s and 1700s in England, there was a tax on the number of windows in a house. (This was repealed in the 1800s because people started to get sick from living in homes with a lack of air, due to having limited windows.)” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.“In England there is a tax on televisions. Color televisions are taxed more than black and white televisions, and if a blind person has a television they only have to pay half the tax. Truly bizarre!”  â€" Max Robinson, Jumpstart TaxSeveral European nations have a tax on cow flatulence. It’s actually very important because methane gas is one of the main greenhouse gases that causes climate change. But still: cow flatulence.“Over 1 million accountants are hired each year in America to help with taxes.” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ .†œThe Russian Emperor Peter the Great taxed beards. (He wanted men to be clean shaven.)” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.“New York City has the highest corporate income tax in the world.” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ.Texas has a “Sexually-Oriented Business Fee” that charges strip clubs that serve alcohol $5-per-patron. Of course, it’s most commonly referred to by a different name: the pole tax. Revenue raised to the tax goes to health care and programs for victims of sexual assault.“One of the causes of the French Revolution was a salt tax (the gabelle).” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting .In 1982, Madison Square Garden was granted a 10-year property tax abatement. However, a clerical error led to the abatement being permanent. This has cost New York City approximately $200 million in tax revenue.“In an effort to keep citizens healthy, France imposed a soda tax on all carbonated soft drinks in 2012. Theyre no w about 3.5% more expensive than other drinks. But with all that wine, why would you even bother?” Emilee Morehouse, SimpleKeepIf you were going simply by tax documents, 7 million US children disappeared in 1987â€"the same year that the IRS started requiring that parents list their children’s Social Security numbers on their taxes.“Are you a drug dealer, thief, or corrupt official? The IRS wants to tax your dirty money, too. You can include your income on Form 1040, line 21, or on Schedule C or Schedule C-EZ (Form 1040) if youre self-employed. As part of the Fifth Amendment, you have no obligation to disclose where the money came from. Now the question is, how many thieves and drug dealers are honest enough to pay up?” Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.In 1935, the US tax code’s highest income tax bracket (63 percent) applied to only one person: Nelson Rockefeller, who earned over $5 million the previous year.If you need help self-filing your own taxes in 2017, ch eck out our blog post: Ready, Set, Deduct! and our ebook Tax Season 101: An OppLoans Explainer eBook.About the Contributors:Ivy Chou,  Ivy Chou is the content director at DealsPlus.com, one of the most popular shopping, coupon, and deal sites on the web. As a self-proclaimed shopaholic, she loves sharing her coupon-ing expertise and money-saving tips with fellow shoppers.Bonnie Lee, For over 20 years, as the owner of Taxpertise and as an Enrolled Agent, Lee has represented taxpayers across the country in audits, offers in compromise, tax problem resolution, and non-filing issues. She specializes in resolving tax problems for independent contractors, the self-employed and small business owners.Emilee Morehouse,  is a marketing maven dedicated to finding fresh ways to bring people together â€" a fancy way of saying she’s obsessed with social media. With a BA in Journalism, she worked as Managing Editor for The Exploress, then joined the team at SimpleKeep; bringing the worlds of mar keting, small business and finance closer together. In her spare time you can find Emilee on Twitter, travel blogging, painting or exploring her home city of Seattle, WA.Susan Petracco, is Co-Founder of AccurateTax.com, where she manages partner integrations and development. With a background of fifteen years in e-commerce, she has worked with large brands including Talbots, Serta, and Avid, as well as many smaller retailers. This experience consulting for retailers brought the need for more advanced sales tax solutions to her attention, leading to the founding and subsequent growth of AccurateTax.Max Robinson  works for Jumpstart Tax, an RD tax claim provider based in Scotland. Jumpstart pride themselves on bringing a bit more personality to their work than other tax specialists, and believe that this is why theyve managed to establish such a loyal following.Marc Roche, is the Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ an online resource for information and rates on annuities and retiremen t planning. Working steadily in the financial services, online marketing and lead generation industry for over eight years, Marc has had literally thousands of conversations concerning annuities with prospective buyers and advisors.A forward-thinking entrepreneur and passionate family man, Josh Zimmelman graduated from Yeshiva University in 2003 with a degree in accounting. Josh launched his own launch his own firm Westwood Tax and Consulting  and has been quoted in the Wall Street Journal, Newsday, USA Today, The Huffington Post, and US News World Report.

Anti Semitism And The Holocaust - 876 Words

When I think of America I picture the land of the free, sanctuary for all those being hurt and oppressed, but this wasn’t always the case and just like the majority of the world during the 1930-1940’s they shunned the Jewish population. Why had a country who had been built on the principles of freedom allowed so much time to pass by silently waiting while the Jewish population was being slaughtered all over Europe. What could be the reason for doing nothing for so long, could it have been the fact that they were completely unaware of what exactly was going on in Europe during this time or did they just not care enough to do anything about it. After the war finished many German People claimed that they didn’t know what exactly was happening during this time to the Jews so if this was happening over there and they were in the dark about it as well who could possibly blame America who was thousands of miles away to know. During the years of the holocaust a feeling of Anti-Semitism was clearly present all over the world this including the United States, this was seen in the results from different polls conducted and from the social policies at the time. These feelings of Anti-Semitism were convenient because it gave people an excuse to not do anything to help the Jews. Between 1938-1939 about 85,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States, but soon restrictions on immigration became tighter and many people found acquiring a visa to travel to the United States became a lotShow MoreRelatedAnti Semitism And The Holocaust1950 Words   |  8 Pages7th Period Holocaust Research Paper Anti-semitism is a concept that has been around in our society for a few centuries now, and has played a significant role in the world for many of those years. Although we see anti-semitism fade and diminish, its historical symbolism will hover over society for years to come. The Holocaust, taken place in Eastern Europe, is known to be one of the largest genocides this world has ever seen, and is the gruesome platform that people relate to anti-semitism. The HolocaustRead MoreAnti Semitism And The Holocaust1682 Words   |  7 Pagesknowing where they are going. Anti-Semitism is the hatred of Jews, and it reached its pinnacle during the Holocaust. It’s known world wide as the genocide of approximately six million European Jews. Strikingly, there is a decent number of people in the world who don t entirely believe that the Holocaust happened as it is documented by witnesses, survivors, and those tasked with rescuing those who survived, and burying those who did not. These peop le are known as Holocaust Revisionists; or in anotherRead MoreWas German ‘Eliminationist Anti-Semitism Responsible for the Holocaust?832 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Was German ‘Eliminationist Anti-Semitism† Responsible for the Holocaust?† is a fascinating and somewhat discouraging debate that explores the question of whether German anti-Semitism, instilled within citizens outside of the Nazi Party, played a vast role in the extermination of Jews during the Holocaust . Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, author of â€Å"The Paradigm Challenged,† believes that it did; and argues quite convincingly that ordinary German citizens were duplicitous either by their actions or inactionsRead MoreWas German â€Å"Eliminationist Anti-Semitism† Responsible for the Holocaust?2341 Words   |  10 Pages | |Was German â€Å"Eliminationist Anti-Semitism† Responsible for the Holocaust? | |Issue 10 â€Å"Taking Sides: Clashing Views in World History† | | | German anti-Semitism played the main role in Holocaust and extermination of Jewish population in Europe duringRead MoreAnti-Semitism and Lack of Concern Among Non-jews During the Holocaust997 Words   |  4 PagesAntisemitism is to blame for the lack of concern among non-Jews during the up rise of the Holocaust. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is hard to grasp the number of lives lost during the Holocaust. How someone could have so much hatred towards one group of people. Or how so many people could set back and watch something like this take place without protest. To begin to understand how a tragedy like the Holocaust could have took place without intervention we need to understand antisemitism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Merriam-WebsterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Holocaust Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesWithin the era of 1933 to 1945, races struggled through times of gloom, torment and hopelessness. The Holocaust was hard on numerous people, with little survivors and still influences individuals present lives today. The majority of the anguish was brought about as a result of one man’s conviction, that had the capacity to impact a whole nation. The holocaust was a genocide that was exclusively centered around hatred found in Germany. Propaganda was one of the main causes, which conditioned the peopleRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust. 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These interpretations are outlined by Donald Niewyk in The Holocaust as the long history of European anti-Semitism, the charismatic personality of Adolf Hitler and the influence of modern â€Å"scientific† racism or eugenics. These interpretations are illustrated in the works of John Weiss, Ian Kershaw, and Henry Friedlander. Niewyk uses Weiss to identify the interpretation of ancient anti-Semitism located throughout

Sustainability in Australian Business Principles and...

The Relevance of Sustainability in Marketing Decision Making Introduction Sustainable marketing calls for socially and environmentally responsible actions that meet the present needs of consumers and businesses while preserving and enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Kotler amp; Armstrong 2012, p. 582). The aim of sustainable marketing is to satisfy the customer’s the needs and wants while also putting high emphasis on the environment and the social issues and thus creating profits in a socially responible way. Mention triple bottom line While traditional marketing is a process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers†¦show more content†¦Walmart constantly initiates sustainability initiatives which postively affects the customer’s environmental behaviors, employees and its suppliers. It also promotes sustainablity to its employees by initiating ‘personal sustainability project’ (PSP) where employees are com mitted to responsible acts in front of their coworkers like from quitting smoking to replacing their lighting system at their house with energy saving bulbs. Because Walmart operates under very stringent environmentally focused practices they also enforce many laws to its suppliers to examine the carbon life cycle of their products and change the way they manufacture, package and transport the goods. This strategy saves Walmort extra costs which in turn reduce costs on the poducts they sell and which adversely can save customers money. This creates a win-win scenario for both Walmart and itsShow MoreRelatedThe Topic Of Sustainable Business Practices966 Words   |  4 Pagessustainable business practices. Firstly this report will define what is meant by the term sustainability and its dimensions. Secondly examples will be provided to illustrate the ways in which ExxonMobil is operating in an ethical and sustainable manner. Thirdly this report will critically look at the area of envi ronmental responsibilities to an organizations and what ExxonMobil is doing in that aspect. Finally this report will observe the importance for organization to be sustainable. Sustainability accordingRead MoreThe Sustainability Of The Telstra Network1616 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion fixed voice services and three million retail fixed broadband services around the country. The company comprise with the Australia largest stakeholders with 1.4 million. The research projects will discuss and analyse the sustainability of the Telstra network business in the environment through the review of academic works, corporate websites and annual reports. It also focuses on different trends which are applied by Telstra to bring drastic change in the eco-friendly atmosphere. To start,Read MoreIntegrated Reporting And Non Financial Information1749 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial and sustainability report into a single document. (Sokya, 2013) Integrated reporting may be used as a management device; the success of the current business model and corporate decision-making processes in dealing with economic, social and environmental difficulties that arise during business can be summed up in an integrated report. An integrated report creates value for shareholders and the wider stakeholders in society by balancing the imperative for long-term sustainability with short-termRead MoreThe Mining Boom And Western Australia s Changing Landscape : Towards Sustainability Or Business As Usual?951 Words   |  4 PagesA., Mayes, R., Pforr, C. (2013). The mining boom and Western Australia’s changing landscape: Towards sustainability or business as usual?. Rural Society, 22(2), 111-124. doi: 10.5172/rsj.2013.22.2.111 This publication processes the challenges of the Western Australian Mining Industry. The journal will focus on the economical benefits of the mining boom that occurred in the Western Australian mines, as well as, the effect it has on society and environmental challenges. The text continues to exploreRead MoreEthics And The Ethical Dilemma1252 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical dilemma occurs in every business field and in every area of work. Now speaking about the ethics in an engineering perspective we generally refers to code of ethics 2010 that was written for Engineers in Australia. But these are basically applied to all employees in engineering field. The four principles to be followed according to code of Ethics 2010 are 1. Demonstrate Integrity. 2. Practice Competently. 3. Exercise Leadership. 4. Promote Sustainability. Now let us see each of themRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Csr918 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices are the self-regulatory and long term practices of almost every organization in terms of Social, Economic and Environmental sustainability as compliance with ethical norms and legal requirement (McWilliams, 2000). CSR has practiced in almost every business as the growing concerns of broader stakeholders involving corporation business such as community, investors, employees, suppliers, etc. instead of only companies’ shareholders as in theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Its Legal Requirements1366 Words   |  6 Pagessocial environment, issues related to social responsibility and sustainability are gaining more and more importance, especially in the business sector (Webfinance. 2014). Business goals are inseparable from the societies and environments within which they operate. Whilst short-term economic gain can be pursued (Catalyst Consortium. 2002), the failure to account for longer-term social and environmental im pacts makes those business practices unsustainable. In our current society, the Global Compact asksRead MoreA General Description Of The Westpac Banking Corporation1568 Words   |  7 Pagesoil among many others. b. The external forces that impact on the organization. External factors that Westpac have no control over include - The environment- Westpac was one of the many organizations which signed the Equator Principles. The main aim of the Equator Principle is to handle social and environmental risk in financing certain projects and also dealing with climate change. - Customers- With the aim of helping their customers and the community to ensure long-term growth The legislationRead MoreMarketing sustainability1333 Words   |  6 Pagesrelevance of sustainability in marketing decision making What is marketing? What exactly is marketing? 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Jesus vs Hercules Free Essays

Myths and Religion are generally presumed to be two entirely different things. Myths are seen as stories shared between groups of people that are part of a cultural identity, while Religion is a belief that a group of people of a cultural identity share. Although they differ in certain aspects, they still hold similarities. We will write a custom essay sample on Jesus vs Hercules or any similar topic only for you Order Now Comparable to bible stories, myths have different versions which are both inspirational, as well as entertaining to those who do not believe them to be true. Along with this major similarity, there are parallels to specific stories. Various nurturing aspects of Hercules from Greek mythology, and Jesus Christ from the Bible are similar, including their birth, life and ultimately death in their respective lives. Right from their births, Jesus and Hercules’ lives are comparable. Jesus was born of a virgin mother, Mary, while Hercules was born of Alcmene, who was impregnated by Zeus. Although both their mothers were not virgins, their birth was similar in the sense that they were both half mortal and half god. Jesus and Hercules both had mortal mothers and gods as fathers. They were both raised by other men who played the role of a father in their lives – Joseph for Jesus, and (name) for Hercules. As babies, Jesus and Hercules’ lives were both in danger. Herod, who was the king at the time Jesus was born, wanted him killed as he was afraid Jesus was to be the next king. To solve this, he sent out armies of men to kill every newborn in the city. Jesus was saved when an angel appeared in Joseph’s dream to warn them about the danger. In the case of Hercules, his stepmother was the one that wanted him killed. She was jealous that her husband Zeus slept with multiple women and wanted baby Hercules dead. She let two venomous serpents into his crib, but being the son of Zeus, Hercules was born with great strength, and was able to easily catch and strangle the serpents to death. During their time on earth, Jesus and Hercules lived fairly normal lives as men in their towns. Jesus started to perform miracles in his home town around the age of thirty where as Hercules was always seen as a mighty strong man. Hercules and Jesus were both icons, Jesus the icon of Christianity and Hercules the icon for the Greeks. They both had many followers as young men who seemed to have later been abandoned during times or turmoil and danger. Jesus when he was preaching about God lost many followers as the Pharisees claimed Jesus’ works a cult, where as Hercules lost his followers when cursed by Hera his stepmother in a fit of anger killed his own wife and children. Although many seem to think of Hercules as a redeemer and saviour, Hercules did not save the world in any sense nor did he ‘redeem’ people as a whole. He defeated bad guys and rescued good guys, but never granted salvation from sin or died to save any followers as Jesus gave up his life to save the world. During the few end years of their lives, Jesus and Hercules were made to suffer a great deal. Jesus had to live being ridiculed and shamed where as Hercules lived in exile away from everyone as he spent twelve years doing the twelve labour he brought on himself to make up for the remorse he felt for brutally murdering his family. Ultimately Jesus and Hercules both met with violent deaths, Jesus died on the cross out of own free will for the love of his people, even though he did not voluntarily decide to die on a cross. Hercules on the other hand voluntarily decided to died on a pyre of fire as stories mention he wanted to get rid of the body that was responsible with the killing of his family. How to cite Jesus vs Hercules, Essay examples

The relationship between Juliet and the nurse is a better example of the mother

The relationship between Juliet and the nurse is a better example of the mother-daughter relationship than that of Juliet and Lady Capulet Essay The relationship between Juliet and the nurse is a better example of the mother-daughter relationship than that of Juliet and Lady Capulet. Discuss with close reference to act 2 scene 5 and act 3 scene 5 in particular. How would you direct an actress playing Juliet during her confrontation of Capulet in the latter stage of act 3 scene 5? William Shakespeare was baptised on April the 26th 1564, he was the eldest son of John and Mary. 52 years after Shakespeare was born he died. Although Shakespeare was only 52 when he died he wrote 38 different plays, this took him about 25 years. Shakespeares education ended prematurely as he did not go to university, although we can see that he was a well-educated man, as we know that he went to his local grammar school. We will write a custom essay on The relationship between Juliet and the nurse is a better example of the mother-daughter relationship than that of Juliet and Lady Capulet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Shakespearean play that I am studying is Romeo and Juliet. The prologue at the beginning explains that Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers this shows that superstition and fate are key themes in the play. Romeo and Juliet is a play that involves many themes the main ones being; love, marriage, parental conflict and fate. The play starts with Romeo loving a girl called Rosaline unfortunately his love is unrequited. Romeo is a Montigue and Juliet is a Capulet. The Montigues and the Capulets are old enemies and their feud has lasted for many years. When Romeo and Juliet fall in love they keep this and their marriage a secret from their parents. This story is a romantic tragedy. The first scene that I will be looking at will be act 2 scene 5. At the beginning of act 2 scene 5 the nurse is tormenting Juliet. The scene starts with a soliloquy and Juliet is expressing her feelings of anxiousness because she sent the Nurse away to find Romeo hours ago and she is wondering when she will return. There are signs of distress in the way that Juliet speaks although she does not appear to be angry because she uses a set of rhyming cuplets in her speech. But old folks-many feign as they were dead, Unwieldy slow, heavy and pale as lead. Although the Nurse is teasing Juliet you can see an obvious love between them, filleil from Juliet and motherly from the Nurse. The themes used in this scene are; marriage, romantic love and motherly love. The theme of marriage starts with the romantic love between Romeo and Juliet. From the soliloquy at the beginning of the scene you can see that Juliet has a definite fixation with Romeo. A way that we can see this is by the celestial imagery that she uses; Which ten times faster glides than the suns beams. Juliet is imagining Romeo as a heavenly figure. We can see the theme of fate in this scene when she uses words like Doves and Cupid these are symbolic and symbolise love peace and kindness. As the scene goes on the Nurse continues to tease Juliet in a loving sort of way and makes excuses for not telling her Romeos reply about her proposal. When Juliet is talking to the nurse there is a definite sign that the Nurse and Juliet are from different classes and that Juliet is more educated than the Nurse, we can tell this because Juliet speaks in verse whilst the Nurse speaks in prose. Although the Nurse normally speaks in prose there is an occasion when she is with Juliet and she speaks in rhyming cuplets; I am the drudge, and toil in you delight, .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df , .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .postImageUrl , .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df , .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:hover , .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:visited , .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:active { border:0!important; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:active , .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u145ca476dbed55b83e05e0d0b1cfa1df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Baz Luhrmann releases his new 20th century adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet" EssayBut you shall bear the burden soon at night. There is a lack of dramatic devices in this scene although there are many present in the latter part of the play especially dramatic irony. As we enter act 3 scene 5 Juliet is awoken by her mother this is a shock as her mother would not normally call on her at this time of the morning. This makes Juliet feel very strange as Juliet is unsure of what time her mother even gets up on a normal day. From this we can see that Juliet and L. Capulet have a distant relationship. Because of the way that Juliet addresses her mother later on in the scene we can that she does not see her mother as a figure of authority or some-one that she should respect like she does with the Nurse. Juliet speaks to her mother very formally and makes no extra effort to be polite. From act 3 scene 5 line 6 we can see that L. Capulet does not understand the way that Juliet feels as she makes no real effort to comfort her and she makes jokes about Tybalts death. Evermore weeping for your cousins death? What, wilt thou wash him from his grave with tears? There is dramatic irony in this part if the scene as L. Capulet is talking about Tybalts death because she doesnt know that Juliet is really crying for her husband Romeo. This scene especially addresses parental conflict as Juliet argues with her mother about how she should grieve. The way that L. Capulet speaks to Juliet shows that she is cold hearted and unsympathetic. All through the scene L. Capulet expresses her hatred of Romeo and because she does not understand Juliet she believes that Juliet agrees with her hatred, we can see that this is untrue because of the aside from Juliet line23 act3 scene 5. Villain and be many miles asunder-god pardon him; I do withal my heart; And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. Another way that we can tell that L. Capulet does not understand Juliet is that Juliet explains that if she could get to Romeo first and poison him she would temper the poison so that he would not die. L. Capulet does not understand Juliet she thinks that if Juliet could get to Romeo first she would temper the poison to make it stronger so that he would die more quickly. The theme of parental conflict is also present near to the end of the scene as L. Capulet tells Juliet that she will marry the county Paris a week on Thursday, as Juliet is more strong willed than her mother she is angry that she has been told about the wedding and not asked. The scene then goes on to see that her mother really does not understand her and that she has a problem understanding Juliet decision, we can tell this because L. Capulet tells Juliet that her father can deal with it. There is a lot of dramatic irony in this scene and the use of asides gives a very good feel of drama and tension between L. Capulet and Juliet. Overall from the 2 scenes that I have studied I can see that the relationship between Juliet and the nurse is far better than the relationship between Juliet and her mother as L. Capulet portrays an image of being not a very nice person. The Nurse understands Juliet far better and is more like a motherly figure to her. Part 2 If I was going to direct Juliet in act 3 scene 5 I would have to consider certain things to set the scene I would also consider lighting effects and stage directions. .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d , .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .postImageUrl , .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d , .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:hover , .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:visited , .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:active { border:0!important; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:active , .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b90bf67dbf6f56679f8ef19fd34420d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: English Literature Coursework Analysis EssayThe way I would set the scene is to portray Juliet is as a strong willed young girl whos innocence has now melted away. The way I would do this is to use red velvet for drapes curtains and also for around the bed, I four-poster bed made from dark wood to express romance within the room and also glittering candles. I would also try to indicate that she is well educated with a lot of money by using bookshelves and wardrobes to show clothes etc. In the room I would also include a doll in the corner to show signs that she is still a child. The people in this scene are L. Capulet, Capulet, Juliet and the Nurse, as Capulet is in a bad mood with Juliet I would have him standing tall above everybody else to show that he is a figure of authority. Capulet will enter from the main door but will not be angry when he first walks in, as he has not yet heard the news of Juliets decision that she will not marry Paris. As Juliet is telling her father her decision she wills stand her ground and move slowly around the stage. When Juliets father Capulet starts calling her names Juliet will cower behind the Nurse but will have a penetrating stare on her father. Capulets movements will be slow and steady and moving towards Juliet. During the scene I would use the lights to express feelings. Whilst Capulet was standing over Juliet I would have a red light on him, this would show anger and make sure that people were focussing on him.

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buy custom Homeland Security Management System essay It is of paramount significance that the operations of al Qaeda are understood. This is will make it possible for the authorities to make the necessary plans to counteract their operations. The Homeland Security management System has come up with a cycle consisting of four steps which makes it possible to counteract terrorism by putting up measures to prevent a terror activity and, in case it takes place, what steps are to be undertaken to avoid a similar occurrence. According to the Homeland Security Presidential Directive -8 which was issued in 2003 the homeland security should focus on the National Preparedness Guidelines (NPG). In order to ensure that all the stakeholders are being effective in the fight against terrorism, a new Homeland Security Management System has been put in place. The new management involves four phases (check the appendix diagram 1) which are aimed at continually and mutually reinforcing a cycle of activity (Bush, 2007, par. 8). The four phases are explain ed as below and are meant to counter the loopholes which the terrorists can use by training and preparing all the stakeholders involved. Guidance For the nation to effectively fight terrorism there will be a need for guidance to given from those who better understand how terrorism should be fought.Bush (2007) argues that the first phase encompasses the overarching homeland security guidance. Furthermore he writes that this phase is meant to ensure that all the directives are duly followed in a clarified manner to ensure that there is effectiveness in the fight against terrorism. This will involve at times the training of the stakeholders (Bush, 2007, par. 8). Well guided efforts are likely to bear fruits as they will be more effective. Planning Planning is an essential part of any project if the expected results have to be achieved. Apart from just guiding the efforts aimed at fighting terrorism, planning the fight is significant to ensure that the battle is won. According to Bush (2007), planning is positioned in the second phase. Bush (2007) indicates that this is aimed at making the homeland management system a dynamic system that is quite effective in executing its plans. At this the directives are to be translated into a way that will make the execution of the policies a possible process. All the stakeholders are informed on the planning issues (Bush, 2007, par. 9). This therefore will induce cooperation among the members who are involved in the fight against terrorism. The execution The planned efforts are to be executed in an orderrly manner. This stage is as important as the ones already covered above and as such should be given due attention. Bush (2007) lists execution as the third stage of the whole cycle. This phase involves the execution of the plans which were strategized to thwart strike attempts. This can be in form of an actual occurrence or in the form of an exercise prepared in order to prepare the stakeholder on how to respond in case of a similar event (Bush, 2007, par. 9). Executing the efforts which have planned is quite important as it helps to make the war against terrorism quite effective because it reveals the weak areas which ought to be worked on. Assessment and evaluation After the planned efforts have been executed, it becomes possible to make an evaluation which will make it possible for further recommendations to be made. According to Bush (2007), this forms the forth phase. This stage, as Bush (2007) argues, involves a continuous assessment and evaluation of exercises and operations. This stage is meant to measure the effectiveness of the plans with respect to response given to a testing exercise or an actual occurrence (Bush, 2007, par. 10). This therefore means that the homeland security management system is a dynamic project which keeps on changing with respect to changes and dynamism manifested by terrorism. Buy custom Homeland Security Management System essay

Have vs Having in Certain Expressions

Have vs Having in Certain Expressions Have vs Having in Certain Expressions Have vs Having in Certain Expressions By Maeve Maddox Paul Russell poses an interesting question about the use of have and having. He points out the common ESL error of saying I am having a headache and asks: Why can I say Im having my lunch but not Im having a headache? Some explanations Ive read indicate its all to do with possession. Â  But every time I think I have it figured, I have to wonder why I must say I have a cold when I cant say I have a heart attack. Im sure youll be having a good explanation for me:-) Heres the usual rule given to ESL students concerning the use of have to show possession or to describe medical conditions: Have should always be in the simple present tense for the meaning to own, or to describe medical problems. For example: They have a new car. I have a bad cold. It is incorrect to say I am having a cold or I am having a new car. Im having a heart attack does seem to contradict this rule. I think that the difference between I have a headache and Im having a heart attack may have more to do with duration than with either a medical condition or possession. One can have a heart condition, but a heart attack is a singular event, usually over in a few seconds or minutes. One may say I hope I wont have a heart attack, but in the event that one has oneand is capable of telling someoneam having is the only possibility. A headache is generally of longer duration than a heart attack. It may last an hour, several hours, or days. The same applies to a cold. Both are events of indeterminate duration. You have them for a while. If youre seated at a table having your lunch, youre engaged in an activity with a predictable end. Youll stop having lunch when youve finished eating. Thats my theory, anyway. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 36 Poetry Terms10 Terms for the Common People

Education policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education policy - Essay Example Researches (Eagle, 1989; Henderson & Berla, 1994; U.S. Department of Education, 1994; Ziegler, 1987) confirm that when families are involved in their children's education, 'children earn higher grades and receive higher scores on tests, attend school more regularly, complete more homework, demonstrate more positive attitudes and behaviours, graduate from high school at higher rates, and are more likely to enrol in higher education than students with less involved families' (Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M., 1997). So that, it's so important to involve parents in educational programmes of their children as an important goal for schools. Education here plays the major role, so that the child's education is a shared responsibility of the school and the home. At school he is said to be given knowledge common for the whole class and meant for the children of particular age taking into account their level of mental, physical and social development. At home parents can help their offshoots to solve the possible problems which can emerge at school; they can also help them to come through the adaptation process to the new surrounding and new system of communication successfully. 'Outside the school, the home is the most salient source of learning, encouragement and support for a child', notices Alison Rich (Rich, A., 2001). She also stresses upon the 'parental resources' which refers to 'income level, parental education and parental employment'. This is urgent because family income can increase educational opportunities of a child greatly by providing him with a bigger number of books and educational tools. Besides this, p arents with higher level of education tend to have children who are much interested in their self-improve and realization thus giving them much motivation for their finishing high school and continuing educational steps on higher levels. On the contrary, children from unemployed families tend to be backward in education and have smaller level of motivation for studying. All these facts stress upon the fact of importance of parental participation in their children's development process, educational process in particular, to set a good example for them. There also some factors that can be a rather positive impulse for children to like school and are eager to study. This is a notion of 'parental involvement in a child's education' that 'can be crucial in developing a child's academic ability and confidence' (Rich, A., 2001). Parents can actively participate in their child's school life, taking part in 'school committees, attending sporting and social events, attending parent teacher nights, volunteering and so on' (Rich, A., 2001). Doing this they show their great involvement into their children's life that gives their offshoots a sense of responsibility for their deeds and their progress in studies. Parents can also provide a suitable home environment for children to be ready for school, and to know that in case something goes wrong with their studies they can learn at home and improve their knowledge. Psychology deals with the notion of 'psychological readiness of a child for school'. This includes all the facts that influence a young person to be ready to face and to step into a new system of

I DO NOT HAVE A TOPIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I DO NOT HAVE A TOPIC - Essay Example Pollution could also destroy the ozone layer thus altering the climatic condition of the region. This would significantly affect the residents since in terms of tourism since it is one of the major economic activities in the area (Mullerat & Brennan, 2011). †¢ Mission statement: they aim at being the best-loved boutique hotel and restaurant by the guests, owners, and all stakeholders by provide excellent service and care and delivering financial returns to investors (Clarke & Chen, 2009). The company has been involved in multiple social responsibilities. However, regarding the loyalty of the customers that has enabled the company to be among the best in the world, it is only fair that the company continue giving back to the society. The headquarter of Kimpton is located in one of the largest cities in the area (Sun, Stewart, & Pollard, 2010). This means that the population in the area is high: and densely populated. With the improved economic conditions in the area due to high tourism levels, most of the population here own cars and the remaining part of the population use public transport. Some of these cars could result into air pollution if they happen to emit fumes. In addition, this city houses various companies and industries. Such industries pollute the environment through emission of dangerous fumes and introducing waste material into the water sources. Considering that the organization is aimed at creating a good brand image, reducing the levels of pollution is a good move to ensure that the organization saves money from the residents of the area. The reason is that air or water pollution could result into multiple health defects and reducing or eliminating them saves this medical money for such residents (Hancock, 2009). The program is very cost effective especially considering that the company already campaigns for the use of renewable energy in the

Overview Of Clintons Impeachment Proceedings Essay -- William Jeffers

An Overview of the Impeachment Proceedings of William J. Clinton The impeachment trial of President Clinton originated from a civil lawsuit filed in 1994 by Paula Jones. Jones alleged that in 1991 Governor Clinton asked a state trooper to bring her up to his room at Excelsior Hotel, where she alleged he dropped his trousers and asked her to "kiss it" (Chronology of the Paula Jones Case, BBC, January, 1998). The case made it to the Supreme Court because of the President's request to delay the trial until the end of his term. The Supreme Court ruled that the trial could proceed, and Jones' lawyers began their investigation. On December 5, 1997, "Jones' lawyers submitted a list of women that they would like to depose. Included on the list was the name Monica Lewinsky" (The Impeachment Trial of President William Clinton, UMKC online, Linder, 2005). In 1995, twenty-one year old Monica Lewinsky began an internship at the White House. Six months later, while assigned to the West Wing, Lewinsky began a sexual relationship with the President. This relationship involved several sexual encounters that spanned from the fall of 2005 to the beginning of 2007 (Starr Report, Sect. II, CNN online, 1998). Not long after, came the Supreme Court's decision to allow the Paula Jones case to continue. In January of 1998, Attorney General Janet Reno petitioned the three-judge panel in charge of Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr. The petition requested Starr's authorization to conduct an investigation on whether anyone had committed a federal crime regarding Paula Jones' sexual harassment lawsuit against President Clinton (Starr Speaks, Salon online, Starr, 1998, para.2). The Three Judge panel granted the petition filed by Attor... ... At the end of William J Clinton's presidency, although not impeached nor censured, he admitted to misleading testimony. Soon after this admission, in 2001, the Arkansas State Bar suspended his license to practice law for five years and fined him $25,000. A few months later, the Supreme Court also moved to suspend his license to practice law in front of the Supreme Court. Facing suspension, Former President Clinton resigned from the Supreme Court Bar. References: http://icreport.access.gpo.gov/hr611rh.txt http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/impeach.html#hinquiry http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/house/roundup/ http://leahy.senate.gov/press/199902/990211ext.html#I http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/resources/1998/lewinsky/defense/ http://www.law.cornell.edu/background/impeach/censure.htm http://www.cnn.com/starr.report/

Compare the ways the two editorials have used language devices Essay

This essay is written about two newspaper editorials from two very different newspapers one from the â€Å"Sun† and one from the â€Å"Times† they are both about the terrorist crisis in America that has deeply shocked the world. The first thing that you come across in both articles is the use of headings and subheadings. Firstly in the ‘Times’ editorial there is a statement â€Å"terror for all† with another bold subheading saying â€Å"the day that changed the modern world† both of these statements grabs the attention of the reader and this applies to everybody because there is no-one that isn’t involved as it is an attack on modern civilisation, this proves effective and sets a good base for the editorial to be started on The ‘Sun’ takes quite a different approach by having a large centred text box with large white underlined font saying â€Å"all the world must unite to defeat these evil cowards† this shows a plan of action straight from the mark† where as the ‘Times’ seems to set the scene firstly and is quite laid back but firm but the ‘Sun’ jumps straight into the mark suggesting attack. Below this is an emotive picture of New York workers fleeing the devastation. This is very emotive and used to give people a better insight and to show how serious the situation is I find this Heading and subheading when linked are quite effective and would easily grab the attention of the reader. The next point I am going to talk about is quite vital as to me this point is where both editorials come into they’re own and separate. Ill use the example from the ‘Sun’ firstly the poem is laid out in easy to read columns with a bold underlined text making a point at the start of each mini section, there are five of these little sections in all each making a very good point and then backing it up very successfully this proves for an easy consistent read using a little background information and then going forward to discuss some very good points. I think this layout and structure works perfectly with the article. I now move onto the ‘Times’ to me this layout is incredibly poor as I do not think that it will be able to hold the attention of the reader long enough to finish the article, the editorial is based upon very long columns of small flowing typical newspaper text the editorial contains no pictures and uses a very mature language that in places is very hard to understand. One thing that I find better in the ‘Times’ is that the article goes through several stages firstly it starts out with giving quite a detailed basis of background information that informs the reader of exactly what has happened it then goes on to give its own views on the disaster and how it thinks the situation should be dealt with. The editorial looks through many angles of the situation and makes good well thought out comments I don’t entirely agree with most of them but in general they are quite good, but all in all the article is not presented in its full potential and this must have a great effect on the reader. The tone in both poems is fairly similar they are both quite formal and both reactionary and both reason to the problem I fell that the attitude in the ‘Sun’ is more of action and overall sadness, and is more of a report into the happenings and the †Times† comes across as more of a story although expressing sadness it is presented far differently. The use of language is far different within the two poems the ‘Times’ uses highly sophisticated mature language that could prove very hard to understand but keeps with the highly sophisticated reputation of the times and the class it is aimed at. The ‘Sun’ uses fairly common but intellectual (in places) language that is appropriate and easy to understand, which is effective. The use of supporting evidence is of a high quality in both editorials especially in the ‘Sun’ as the point is made and then backed up that is shown very well in the layout also in the ‘Times’ I feel all the points have been backed up well. I think that both poems have represented the situation brilliantly.

Analysis Of Bathsheba At Her Bath - 971 Words

â€Å"Bathsheba at her Bath† is one of the most famous artworks by Jean-Francois de Troy, a French artist. This piece was made in 1750 in the Rococo era using oil on canvas. It depicts a scene from the Bible when King David watches Bathsheba bathing. The painting’s first owner was Marquis de Marigny and now it is hanging in the Philbrook Museum of Art. Unlike other Bathsheba paintings, this oil portrait shows a different perspective which focuses on the beauty of the human body and the royal luxurious life. Before describing the artwork, there are couples of things we should know about the creator. Jean-Francois de Troy is one of the most prominent and successful French artists of the 1700s. He was not only an easel and fresco painter but also†¦show more content†¦Worried that their adulterous affair might be exposed, David placed Uriah to the battlefield and sent him to death. Inspired by the Bible story, Jean-Francois de Troy portrayed the very first moment when David was drowning in lustful desire. At first glance, we can see that the artwork is representational. The subject matter is a group of people gathering in the center of the work. The first figure that the painter emphasizes is the naked woman, Bathsheba. Our eyes are drawn to her by the highlight of her body and also because of the largest scale that she has in this painting. Bathsheba was surrounded by six young female servants, which makes her become the focal point. From the left to the right, there are two girls washing her feet, one girl kissing her hand, one combing her hair, and two other girls holding a box of jewelry. These maidservants are taking care of Bathsheba like she is the finest, most precious thing in their life. By that, we can feel a sense of noble and royalty emanating from her. Moreover, it is not wrong to say that the artist was very biased when describing her beauty. De Troy depicted her face with perfection and a little bit of softness, which makes her very compelling and seductive. He also in tended to highlight the curvy body of Bathsheba, creating a luminous and alluring nudity. Her posture lying on the chair shows that she is very comfortable and calm. All of these components seem to make us think of the god of

H.G. Wells His Life and Work

Herbert George Wells, more commonly known as H.G. Wells (September 21, 1866-August 13, 1946), was a prolific English author of fiction and non-fiction. Wells is best-remembered, however, for his famous science fiction novels and uncanny predictions about the future. Fast Facts: H.G. Wells Full Name:  Herbert George WellsOccupation:  WriterBorn:  September 21, 1866, Bromley, EnglandDied:  August 13, 1946, London, England  Spouse(s): Isabel Mary Wells (1891-1894); Amy Catherine Robbins (1895-1927)Children: G.P. Wells, Frank Wells, Anna-Jane Wells, Anthony WestPublished Works:  The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Wheels of Chance, The Invisible Man, The War of the WorldsKey Accomplishments:  Pioneered the science fiction genre and wrote more than 100 books during his 60-plus year career.   Early Years H.G. Wells was born on September 21, 1866, in Bromley, England. His parents, Joseph Wells and Sarah Neal, worked as domestic servants before using a small inheritance to purchase a hardware store. Known as Bertie to his family, Wells had three older siblings. The family lived in poverty for many years as the store provided a limited income due to poor location and inferior merchandise. At the age of 7, after Wells suffered an accident that left him bedridden, he became a voracious reader of everything from Charles Dickens to Washington Irving. When the family store finally went under, his mother went to work as a housekeeper at a large estate. It was there Wells was able to expand his literary horizons with authors such as Voltaire.  Ã‚   At the age of 18, Wells received a scholarship to the Normal School of Science, where he studied biology. He later attended London University. After graduating in 1888, Wells became a science teacher. His first book, the Textbook of Biology, was published in 1893. Personal Life Wells married his cousin, Isabel Mary Wells, in 1891, but left her in 1894 for a former student, Amy Catherine Robbins. The couple married in 1895. Wells first fiction novel, The Time Machine, was published the same year. The book brought Wells instant fame, inspiring him to embark on a serious career as a writer. Famous Works Wells long- and short-form fiction falls into many genres, including science-fiction, fantasy, dystopian fiction, satire, and tragedy. Wells penned plenty of non-fiction, including biographies, autobiographies, social commentaries, and textbooks as well as social commentary, history, biography, autobiography, and recreational war games. Wells 1895 debut, The Time Machine, was followed by The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). All four novels have been adapted for film, however, one of the most famous renditions of a Wells work was by Orson Welles, whose radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds was broadcast on October 30, 1938. The reports that many listeners, not realizing what they were hearing was a radio play rather than a news broadcast and were so terrorized at the prospect of an alien invasion that they fled their homes in fear has since been debunked. However, the panic story was accepted for years and became one of the most enduring urban legends ever perpetrated in the name of a publicity campaign. Death H.G. Wells died on August 13, 1946, at the age of 79 of unspecified causes (his death has been attributed to a heart attack or a liver tumor). Wells ashes were scattered at sea in Southern England near a series of three chalk formations known as  Old Harry Rocks. Impact and Legacy H.G. Wells liked  to say that he wrote scientific romances. Today, we refer to this style of writing as  science fiction. Wells influence on this genre is so significant that he, along with French author Jules Verne, share the title of the father of science fiction. Wells was among the first to write about such things as time machines and  alien invasions. His most famous works have never been out of print, and their influence is still apparent in modern books, films, and television shows. Wells also made a number of social and scientific predictions in his writing—including airplane and  space travel, the  atomic bomb,  and even the automatic door—that have since come to pass. These prophetic imaginings are part of Wells legacy and one of the things he is most famous for. Quotes H.G. Wells often commented on art, people, government, and social issues. Here are some characteristic examples: I found that, taking almost anything as a starting point and letting my thoughts play about with it, there would presently come out of the darkness, in a manner quite inexplicable, some absurd or vivid little nucleus. Humanity  either makes, or breeds, or tolerates all its afflictions, great or small. If you fell down yesterday, stand up today. Sources â€Å"Bibliography.†Ã‚  The H.G. Wells Society, 12 Mar. 2015, hgwellssociety.com/bibliography/.Da Silva, Matheus. â€Å"The Legacy of H. G. Wells in Society and Science Fiction.†Ã‚  Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, pages.erau.edu/~andrewsa/sci_fi_projects_spring_2017/Project_1/Da_Silva_Matt/Project_1/Project_1.html.â€Å"H.G. Wells.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 28 Apr. 2017, www.biography.com/people/hg-wells-39224.James, Simon John. â€Å"HG Wells: A visionary who should be remembered for his social predictions, not just his scientific ones.†Ã‚  The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 22 Sept. 2016, www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html.Nicholson, Norman Cornthwaite. â€Å"H.G. Wells.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, inc., 15 Nov. 2017, www.britannica.com/biography/H-G-Wells.â₠¬Å"The Man Who Invented Tomorrow From The Science of Science-Fiction Writing, by James Gunn.†Ã‚  University of Kansas Gunn Center for the Study of Science Fiction, www.sfcenter.ku.edu/tomorrow.htm.

First Impressions Are Not Last Impressions - 1608 Words

First Impressions are Not Lasting Impressions When you see a person in a wheelchair, a person with no legs, or a person with physical abnormalities what is you reaction? Do you stare with curiosity? Do you pretend to be indifferent and walk by like there is no person there at all? Are you disgusted or stricken with pity? Or do you see them as a person, just like you, living their life the best they know how? Our perception of people are largely based on their physical appearance and often the thoughts that enter our minds when we see an individual that has a visual disability are negative and cause us to formulate a disapproving impression about their person as a whole. The question lies in what happens with the initial impression.†¦show more content†¦Or if a person is missing a limb, in our minds they are an incomplete person. We may think that they dont have the same things to offer society that a person with that has all four limbs intact has. In the same light, if an individual were to be unable to speak a word or sentence with fluidity due to some dysfunctional neurological function, we assume that they are somehow stupid and they dont have the capacity to formulate a meaningful and intelligent thought, when in reality they may intellectually far surpass the average person. Due to this initial perception that is drawn, a broader conclusion is made about the person as an entire entity that mirrors that initial perception. In essence, a halo effect occurs and the persons positive or negative traits seem to spill over from one area of their personality to another in others perceptions of them. Bodily appearance assumes a major role because the visible appearance of an individual, not the invisible personality, constitutes the main basis of identification. (Chapter 4, Pg 61) But if these initial conclusions remain throughout the relationship, then how might a relationship between two people flourish into greater intimacy, similar to that of the relationships between the woman with cerebral palsy and the man at the party in Skin Horse? They answer is that they dont; the initial perceptions of people do not remain once one has gotten to know the person better.Show MoreRelatedAn Reflection On The Impression Formation1723 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Impression is a long lasting image of a person created in our minds which can last long for years. There are a lot of research done by Solomon Asch (1946), Bruner Taiguri (1954), Rosenberg, Nelson Vivekanathan (1968) to understand Impression Formation. According to Solomon Asch (1946) at a glance of any person an impression of his personality can instantly form. Even by looking or talking with that person a whole story about his entire character can be told. 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At the same time, the prosperously developing travel sector across the world manifests the huge market potential of the hotel sector (Milne, S., Ateljevic, I. (2001)). Lobby is the key department that gives the first impression and the last impression to customers and it represents the image of the whole hotel. The service includes the Protocol Department, the reception, the switchboard and the business center. The main functions are ordering, check-in, service in the hotel, check-out

The Development of Arabic Scripts Free Essays

string(112) " by Justinian in 529 as patricius and phylarch with supreme authority over all the Arabs in the northern Syria\." 1. Pre – Islamic Era Arabic script is probably one of the oldest in the world, having been widely spread across cultures as this was the language used to spread Islam in major territories. Its influence can be seen in various languages which adopted Arabic script to develop their own way of recording, like Persian, Pashto, Urdu and more. We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of Arabic Scripts or any similar topic only for you Order Now But Arab scripts have evolved with major historical events of these nations (AncientScripts. com). Various accounts of the history of Arabia, the ‘island of the Arabs’, give the impression that Arabic scripts started to take form at the height of Islamization or during the time of Prophet Mohammed. It is said to have originated from the fourth century, CE but there is evidence – an ancient document – that shows Arabic script was already a medium for recording even as early as 512 CE. Long before the Prophet Mohammed was born (some authors say even 700 years before Mohammed), the Arabs already had established a form of written language which originally was used by the Nabateans who once inhabited a territory which is now the kingdom of Jordan. This was called the Nabatean script, which evolved from the Aramaic language. The Nabataean script was an off – shoot of the Aramaic alphabet which developed in the first century CE on the Sinai Peninsula and in North Arabia. It differs conspicuously from other Aramaic varieties by making extensive use of ligatures. Stone inscriptions in the Nabataean script are found from Petra, the capital of the Nabataean Kingdon (c. 150 CE to 100 CE), to Damascus and Medina. The script is not attested in manuscripts, although its cursive character with letters frequently joined together indicates common use. The language of the inscriptions is Nabataean, a close cognate of Aramaic – other authors claim it s Aramaic and that the Nabataeans had dual language styles for communication: written in Aramaic, verbal in Arabic. Spread over a wide area, the script exhibits considerable variation with highly diverse letter shapes. Its significance for the history of writing lies in its being the immediate forebear of the Arabic script. Certain features of the Arabic character, such as the existence of separate final forms for certain letters, are already foreshadowed in Nabataean writing. Its transformation into the Arabic script took place in the fourth and fifth centuries CE (Calmous 350). In the North of the Syrian Desert, the Arabs were involved in world politics very much earlier. Even under the Assyrian king Tiglath – Pileser III (745 – 728BC), there was an Arabi kingdom there with its capital in the Jawf, which was ruled by queens and remained one of the vassal states of Assyria until the time of Essarhaddon (689 – 669 BC). The Babylonian King Nabunaid (556 – 539 BC) had his residence for some time in the oasis of Tayma, which was the base of his expeditions against the west. An Aramaic inscription from the Persian era found there indicates the organization of the city cult, with its priests and temple gods. Then as early as the period of the last Achaemenians, the Nabataean state sprang up (in a territory of modern day Jordan). This state controlled the caravan trade from South Africa to Medina and remained significantly independent since Alexander the Great’s plan of conquering Arabia by sea from east and west simultaneously was not resumed by his successors. At first, Petra’s commerce was drawn to Bostra, where caravans then proceeded to Chalcis, below Lebanon and Emesa, Edessa, and Hatra toward the north and east. The Nabataeans adopted the titles of their officials and military leaders from neighboring Hellenistic states. The Nabataean capital was Petra, a mountain fortress lying about halfway between the Dead Sea and the tip of the Arabian gulf (Brockelman 6). Numerous inscriptions and ruins found in the rock – cut tombs bear witness to the flourishing civilization of the Nabataeans but in these inscriptions, Aramaic was used for it was then the official language dating as far back as the time of the Achaemenians. There are also accounts of other historians that Arabic was the spoken language of the Nabataeans but they write using Aramaic. Initially, they were considered by the Romans as allies until the time of Trajan but due to doubts over their ambiguity during the Jewish insurrection under Titus, the Nabataean Kingdom was absorbed as Provincia Arabia in 106 BC. The civilized areas – or the major cities where trades occur – were marked off from the deset by a chain of fortifications which were far from being strong as the Limes on the Rhine and on the Danube frontier (Brockelman 6). But in another Arab state, Palmyra, the Nabataeans found a more fortunate heir. In the wars between Rome and the Parthians, Palmyra was prudently neutral and by the time of Augustus, was able to extend its trade connections to Rome, Dacia, Gaul and Spain. The Severian Dynasty, also half – Semitic, showed favor on Palmyra. From 260 onwards King Odenat extended his rule over the entire Syria and was even acknowledged by the weak Roman Emperor, Gallienus, as co – emperor for the Orient. After his death in 268, his wife Zenobia maintained his power for a time but Aurelianus destroyed Palmyra in 273. This tragedy would be retold through generations even until the first centuries of Islam. (Brockelmann 7). Palmyra represented the last stance of Arab independence pre – Islam and its fall marked a loss of Arab independence. No other Arab state in the north remained free after this and they were used as vassals by the Romans and Byzantines to ward off incursions of the nomads (Bedouins, or Arabs) into the settled regions. This is probably why the Nabataeans retained their scripts even under Roman rule – because they continued with their trades and were also vassals to ward off their own kind from coming into major cities of commerce (Brockelmann 7). In the 6th century, however, the Ghassanid dynasty ruled at Damascus, east of the Jordan. He was designated by Justinian in 529 as patricius and phylarch with supreme authority over all the Arabs in the northern Syria. You read "The Development of Arabic Scripts" in category "Papers" But this power again dissolved into fragmentary principalities after his death and when they won over the Persians, the Roman Emperor let their officials rule until a Muslim onslaught brought another Ghassanid ruler of the Syrian Arabs (Brockelmann 8). Before and during these periods, the Arabs had been exposed to Christianity (Yah-weh / Judaism) at one time or another. First, from the Roman Empire Christianity exercising great power over them, down to the Lakhmid Dynasty in Hirah who once served the Persians and had finally gone to the Christian faith of their urban subjects, even the Bedouins in the north were in intimate contact with the indigenous Aramean population, who had long since been swallowed up by Christianity. Inner Arabia also due to their trading cities of the Hijaz must have also been permeated by a knowledge of Christian teachings and customs, however superficial, as a result of the steady traffic with related tribes in the north. The anchorites, whose cells must have spread from Palestine and Sinai Peninsula far into the desert, no doubt also made a great many contributions. In addition, the desert was an asylum from some sects persecuted by the established church, and precisely these may have spread their doctrines with more success than the Orthodox Church. During these times, however, the Aramaic language still remained the official and principal administrative language. Thus, most of the inscriptions on the Petra were in Aramaic but there have been evidence showing that the Nabataeans before used their own language for their local transactions and in oral exchange, but retained Aramaic for recording due to its value in trading with other countries. Other authors propose that some Arab nations or states were actually oral groups; meaning, they hand down their stories by telling and re – telling it and still could keep it fresh in their memories but there are also groups who were visual, or those which could not keep a mental record of events thus, keep records in tablet form. Nomads, for instance, or Bedouins, often recite poetry in their gatherings inside their tents wherever they are in the dessert. But those engaged in trades, in the major cities, often would chose to write to keep a record of their transactions. Many believe that the ancient Arabs’ exposure to Christians / those practicing Judaism probably justifies the influence or traces of Sumerian, Greek, Akkadian or Aramaic system to an otherwise Semitic heritage in the Arabic scripts or written as well as spoken languages. But others argue that though there appear some points for seeming similarities, these actually represent the observed or practiced systems used by different countries at the time. While some authors attribute the variations to assimilation, others believe the language and therefore, the scripts, evolved following events in Arab history. But in the case of the Nabataeans from the former territory now called Jordan, they were able to keep both, Arab language and Aramaic scripts. This is perhaps because all Arabs, including the Nabataeans who were under Roman rule for many years, were used as vassals against their own Arab brothers. Thus they kept their language to communicate with each other, and for trading purposes, maintained Aramaic. The duality could perhaps be due to the fact that two somewhat differing entities formed their society then: the urban people and the nomads (whom they had to ward off from the center of civilization, as was their task as vassals for the Roman Empire). The former relied so much on writing for keeping records, while the latter, used word of mouth to communicate information, even recite poetry. Other authors though, believe that the Aramaic inscriptions on the Petra were in fact the written or Arabic script at the time. Prior to Mohammed’s birth, some Arabs were Christians, others primitive in their exercise of faith, as was their political life. Like they believed that their surroundings had forces superior to those of man. These forces were believed to be like the human soul but with dangerous powers that could turn them into demons. They, Semites, regarded trees, stones, caves, springs and large stones are inhabited by spirits. The Black Stone of Islam in a corner of the KaBah, Mecca, in Petra and other places in Arabia stones were venerated also. Every tribe has its own god but also recognized the power of other tribal gods in their own sphere. Individual clans sometimes named themselves after other gods than those of the tribe, and the same divinity was worshipped by various tribes. The gods had fixed abodes, after the tribe has departed, they enjoyed the worship of its successors; the tribes returned once or twice a year to worship (Brockelmann 9). Contrary to claims of the Jews and Christians, the Arabs already did believe in a God, creator of the world, in addition to the gods and goddesses – even before the birth of Islam. 2. The Prophet Mohammed The Prophet Mohammed, ergo, the birth of Islam has also brought about changes in the Arabic scripts. He has touched a cord in Arab history and left an influence that would govern every aspect of Arabian nations long after he had gone. The Arab ruling group began to identify its new order with a revelation by God to Mohammed, then a citizen of Mecca, in the form of a Holy Book, the Qur’an. This was a revelation which completed those given to earlier prophets or messengers of God and created a new religion, Islam, distinct and separate from Judaism and Christianity (Hourani 15). The most obscure part of his life was the early one. It is said he was born in Mecca, a town in Western Arabia, near or in the year 570. His family belonged to the tribe of Quraysh, although not to its powerful part. This tribe was composed of traders who had contacts with the pastoral tribes around Mecca, relations with Syria and south – western Arabia. He worked for – and later married – a widow and managed her business for her. One day he received a message from an ‘angel, seen in the form of a man on the horizon’ who called him to become a messenger of God. Affirmed by his wife, he them began relaying messages which he believed were revealed to him by an angel of God: that the world would end, that God would judge all men and the pains of Hell and delights of Heaven were vividly described. Gradually he had a following, including young members of the influential families of their tribe, Quraysh, members of minor families and clients of other tribes who had placed themselves under the protection of Quraysh, and some craftsmen and slaves. As his teachings developed, its difference from the teachings of the time became apparent and placed him more explicitly in the line of prophets of the Jews and Christian tradition (Hourani 1991). Mohammed demanded of his followers’ profession of belief in the One God and the surrender to God’s will, islam, after which his religion took its name. Probably very early he also levied a poor – tax for the maintenance of needgy members of the community but it was only later in Medina that it assumed greater significance. The chief duty of the faithful, by virtue of which they professed membership in the community, was praying at first twice, then three times, and only later five times a day. Mohammed’s teachings were not accepted by some of the Arabs, in fact, he and his followers were locked up in a ravine. When his wife and uncle died, he had to move to Mecca after his brother, a strong opponent of his religion, took his uncle’s place. But he was not accepted there as well and driven away by stoning that he never returned to the place until he received assurance from a relative that he will be protected. Within his lifetime, Mohammed started his mission of religious and political unification of Arabia. He abolished the foothold of paganism in Mecca and later in all Arab states. Then after his death, he was succeeded by his father –in – law and started the caliphate. The caliphate succeeded in subduing and conquering neighboring places and spread Islam with it. There were oppositions to it, like people willing to follow the religion or Allah’s will but not pay taxes. In the long run, however, they were either driven by force, fear or respect for the Allah so that the religion flourished in almost all of Asia, the Mediterranean as well as some parts of Europe (Hourani 6). It was after the conquest of Mesopotamia that a school for the study of Islam and its development was built in the city of Kufa. Kufa is the place where the kufic script was developed / originated, hence the name. Due to variations in the languages of peoples – converts – under Islamic rule, they felt the need to provide uniformity of religious concepts and practices so that scholars created some form of a dictionary which was later discarded. But that, to some analysts, was actually the first helpful step in Arab history for establishing the common literary standard of Islamic scholars (Brockelmann 15) The extent to which the intellectual life of the epoch was still dominated by Arabic and by the great past of the Arabs is also attested to by the two major focus of interest of the educated world: philology and history. The former had risen in connection with the Qur’an. It was necessary that the numerous new converts, born in communities of different speech, develop and perfect an understanding of the diving word and its proper application in effective prayer. It was just an urgent need to enable them to acieve a complete mastery of the nuances of Arabic and its excessively rich vocabulary (Brockelmann 119). It was in the city of Kufa and Basra where classes on history and literature were conducted. Kufa was also chosen as the major place for studying Islam and mastering the Qur’an. Due to the various languages of the newly converted Islams, the kufic script was developed mainly as the medium to copy Qur’an and to create a vast collection of commentaries on the Qur’anic verses. This was done in order for converts of different languages to understand one common version of the Qu’ran. Angular, which was most likely a product of inscribing on hard surfaces such as wood or stone, kufic soon became the principal script for copying the Qu’ran. For the same reason (having a principal script for copying the Qur’an), the nakshi script, also known as the ‘Mecca – Medina’ script came about. It is thought to have been developed by Abu Ali Muhammad Ibn Muqlah (died 940) and introduced in Baghdad, once the seat of literature in Arabia. The nakshi is one of the earliest book hands and is more cursive than the angular kufic script. Because of its elegance and legibility, the nakshi script as of the eleventh century gradually superseded kufic as the principal script for writing the Qur’an. Nakshi has also been widely used for languages other than Arabic, like Persian, Turkish, Malay, Kiswahili, Hausa, and Serbo – Croatian, among others. And from this script, other styles have also developed, the most popular of which are the riqa, diwani, and the thuluth (Calmous 351). Another off – shoot of the nakshi script is the nastaliq script, which was first seen in the thirteenth century CE, developed by Mir Ali, a calligrapher from Tabriz. It evolved as a combination of nakshi and taliq, hence the name nastaliq. While nakshi was primarily used for copying the Qur’an, the nastaliq, on the other hand, was widely used for manuscripts and architectural monuments, particularly in Persia (Calmous 353). With the invasion of Persia came another development in language and scripts. Farsi, actually a combination of Arabic and European languages, was used by the Persians and Arab residents in that area. Other authors claim that Abu Ali Muhammad Ibn Muglah, a vizier in Baghdad, invented the sitta, a canon of six cursive scripts which include the thuluth, nakshi, rihani, muhaqqaq, tauqi and riqa. This was later augmented to include four more scripts, ghubar, tumar, taliq and nastaliq, which came to be used in the whole Islamic world. While these cursive scripts were popular with calligraphers and illuminators, they never replaced the kufic althogether, except for the nakshi – other writers claim it superseded the kufic by the eleventh century. Today, in many religious writings, kufic headings are still used, in combination with the main body of the text written in cursive script (Calmous 66). One cannot study the Arabic scripts without touching on Arabic calligraphy. Since the Prophet Mohammad stated God’s message in his native tongue, Arabic (scholars think he was actually using a combination of Aramaic and Nabataean languages, otherwise now known and indiscriminately described as Arabic), the Qur’an hence was also written in this language. Arabic, has therefore, been revered as God’s language and every letter of the Arabic alphabet is regarded as a manifestation of God (Calmous 64). Thus, for many Muslims the Qur’an should not be rendered in any other language. As the written version of the revelation, it must always be copied in Arabic. Since, in the wake of the Islamic conquest Islam as a religion was carried to regions of many different tongues, written Arabic acquired an important function as a unifying bond of the various Islamic peoples. Writing itself came to be regarded as an expression of faith. In this spirit it developed into a religious inspired art with a special status that no other forms of aesthetic expression was able to attain – calligraphy (Calmous 64). A great variety of materials was used to receive calligraphic writing: stone, glass, ceramics, metalwork, woodwork, carpets and other textiles, as well as parchment paper and other surfaces of manuscript writing. The adaptability of Arabic scripts and their ability to be modified is attributed to the early use of such a variety of surfaces (Calmous 64). Because of its religious significance, great importance is attached to the literal contents of Islamic calligraphy. Yet, sometimes the verbal message is pushed into the background by the decorative function. As many students of Islamic calligraphy pointed out, there are a great number of inscriptions which defy easy reading. Orthographic mistakes and peculiarities as well as typographic idiosyncrasies render inscriptions on such sanctuaries as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (seventh century), the Qutab Minar in Delhi (eleventh century) and the Masjid-i-Shah Mosque in Isfahan (seventeenth century) virtually impossible to decipher. This suggests that the viewer of these works was not always expected to read the text. In many instances of decorative writing, the symbolic message was conveyed by other means. For instance, an inscription on a tomb or the wall of a mosque would be recognized as a holy phrase, no matter whether it could actually be read or not (Calmous 66). History shows that the development of Arabic scripts, as opposed to Arabic calligraphy, was purely for a functional rather than decorative purpose. However, for many who find it impossible to decipher scripts or calligraphic art in Arabic, they would have to look deeper into the history of Arabic nations, with focus on the history of Islam. Those who wish to decipher and understand the numerous transitions the Arabic scripts have gone through across the centuries would better grasp, and maybe even be guided by the annals of history. For instance, while others think nakshi has superseded kufic being the principal language or medium of communication or transmitting the Qur’an, it would help them understand better or find out more if such is the fact by assessing the current or be updated with the present print media being used by Islam. On the other hand, as is occurring amongst Christians all over the world, with all the versions and different languages or Arabic scripts used to print the Qur’an, is there any chance that there may be issues of misinterpretations considering that there is not an exact equivalent of one word across the different scripts or languages? Or is it safe to assume that the later scripts developed (nakshi, kufic, thuluth) found exactly the same words from Arabic translated to these scripts in exact precision? It may not be humanly possible to decipher each and every variation of the Qur’an copied in the different scripts like nakshi and kufic to see if precisely the same words have the same meaning in the original Arabic version. But if for the interest of curiosity one should start to do an inquest, maybe it would save him time to reflect on the following observations and then make his own inferences: First of all, in spite of the variations or the versions of Arabic scripts by which the Qur’an is written, it is amazing how there is only one version of Islam the religion and all things corollary to Allah’s orders are the same things every Muslim believes. Comparing the Islam faith with Christianity, there are thousands of types of Christians all over the world – some of which were formed on the basis of their understanding of some verses in the Holy Bible. Though both the Holy Bible and the Holy Qur’an have been translated or transliterated or written in different scripts, the uniformity of treatment and application of the religious concepts practiced by Islams all over the world is simply amazing. It therefore becomes easy to infer that the kufic and nakshi scripts, used in copying Qur’an, may have therefore been religiously developed. And the purpose therefore, of developing such scripts to help other Islamic converts understand it, was achieved. How to cite The Development of Arabic Scripts, Papers